Churchill was born on September 3, 1938 in London. She was educated at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford where she studied English Literature. Downstairs, her first play, was written while she was still at university, and was first staged in 1958, winning an award at the Sunday Times National Union of Students Drama Festival. She also wrote a number of plays for BBC radio. Owners, her first professional stage production, premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London in 1972.
She was resident dramatist at the Royal Court from 1974 to 1975, the first female playwright in residence. In the 70s and 80s she also collaborated with the theatre groups Joint Stock and Monstrous Regiment. Her work during this period includes Light Shining in Buckinghamshire (1976) and Cloud Nine (1979).
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